Strong Interest Inventory and Holland

Strongcounselors.blogspot.com

Can I Use Coaching Techniques And Still Be An Effective Professional Career Counselor?

Different settings require different skills and techniques when providing solutions to career problems and issues. Coaching techniques can be more effective than counseling techniques in certain settings. Successful career practitioners can (and should) employ both coaching and counseling techniques when helping clients solve career problems. There are more similarities than differences between career counseling and career coaching.

Time Management

http://www.pmcgovern.us/TimeManagement

Re: Final and Final Review

The final must be completed in its entirety.

You must also analyze five exam questions and explain why the right answer is right and why the other answers are wrong.

Sometimes every answer has a bit of truth to it. When taking a multiple choice test eliminate obvious wrong answers, then prioritize the remaining answers to find the best alternative.


For example,

Jamie wants to take her junior year of college to find herself. Jamie is in which one of Marcia's stages?

a.

moratorium c. foreclosure

b.

achievement d. diffusion

Diffusion is defined as having few clear ideas of what one wants and not being concerned about the future. We cannot guess from the question stem that Jenny is in Diffusion and Diffusion usually prevents a person from taking the actions necessary to get to college and go two years.

Foreclosure is defined as making a choice, often based on family tradition, without exploring other options. We cannot guess from the question stem that Jenny is in Foreclosure, because it does not say anything about her family's input.

Achievement is defined as knowing what one wants and making plans to attain an occupational goal. It is unlikely that Jenny wants to make a career of finding herself.

Moratorium is defined as a time, often more than several months, in which one explores options while wanting a direction, but not having one.

Because Jenny is a junior in college who wants to take a specific amount of time from school to find her self, the best answer is Moratorium.

Vocational Card Sort

Check out this SlideShare Presentation:

Vocational Card Sort

View more presentations from Rob Straby.

MBTI and Strong

Hello Students,

Our graduate director has stated that it will not be possible for those of you wanting to use these tests with your client to do so.

Please use the Keirsey Temperament Sorter 2 (http://www.keirsey.com/) if you would like to incorporate a personality test into your assignment.

You can use O*NET for a skills assessment (http://online.onetcenter.org/skills/)

You can test interests with this one (http://cte.ed.gov/acrn/cdmt/activities/CodingInterests.pdf) OR use the attached assessment from Kuder.

Of course, you can just do the three assessments on missouri connections to satisfy the requirements of the assignment.

Fwd: Need your help in building better communications, expanding our membership, and recruiting you to become active in CSJ

Students,

This is one of the divisions of the ACA that I belong to. I know several of you have expressed an interest in this organization.

Enjoy.

Aloha Everyone:

I am writing to you as the Chair of the CSJ Membership Committee and President-elect of CSJ. There are three points presented below that I am asking you to help me with.

First, the Membership Committee want so help build better communication systems with our members. To do this we want to invite ALL the members on our membership lists to be added to the CSJ Listserve. This list serve provides our membership with information and discussions related to a broad range of social justice and professional issues. If you are not yet included on the CSJ list serve and would like to be included in this important communication system, please reply to this email by hitting the "reply to all" icon so Dr. Edil Torres Rivera will receive your email expressing your desire to be included in the list serve. Dr. Torres Rivera has coordinated the list serve for several years. We are grateful for his willingness to continue to do so. We hope to have 99% of our members on the list serve to foster better communication with our membership. If you are already on the CSJ list serve, you do NOT have to respond to this request.

Second, in an effort to expand our membership in CSJ, the Membership Committee is launching a membership drive. You can help us with this important project by personally recruiting at least one (1) person who will sign up as a new CSJ member in the next 30 days. I am providing the link to the ACA membership services below that can be used to have new members sign up. Also, we hope to change the current policy that requires all CSJ members to have to also become a member of ACA in our business meeting at the ACA conference later this month in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The link to ACA's membership services is as follows:

https://www.counseling.org/Counselors/MemberJoin.aspx

Third, as the President-elect of CSJ, I want to recruit you into becoming more active members in our association. The success of our association is dependent on your willingness to volunteer to committees and tasks forces that are in need of your help as well as suggesting the ways that you are most interested in becoming active in CSJ.

Please email me and let me know if you are interested in becoming more active in CSJ in the coming year and what area of interest you would be willing to participate in.

Thank you for your continued support of CSJ. I look forward to hearing from you when time allows.

In peace and with appreciation,

Michael D'Andrea
CSJ President-elect
and
Membership Committee Chair

THEORIES IN COMBINATION

COMBINING THEORIES

Trait and factor theory
General trait and factor theory
Work adjustment theory
Holland’s theory of types
Myers-Briggs type theory

Life-span theory
Super
Ginzberg
Gottfredson
Erikson
Atkinson, et al.
Hopson and Adams’ theory of transition

Career decision-making theory
Krumboltz’s social learning theory
Spiritual approach to career counseling
Cognitive information processing perspective

Does NOT fit into one of the three categories
Constructivist approaches
Relational theories
Social cognitive career theory
Sociological and economic theories of career development

Combining Life-Span Theory with Trait and Factor and Career Decision-Making Theories
Super and trait and factor theory

Childhood
Ginzberg – emphasize development of interests, capacities, and values
Super – development of curiosity, exploration, and information leading to development of interests, accurate time perspective, and a self concept
Gottfredson – orientation to size and power, gender roles, social class variables, and self awareness
Trait and factor theory and career decision making theories usually not appropriate in childhood

Early Adolescence
Convergence of life-span theory and other theories becomes murky
Super – career maturity, career planning, career exploration, decision making, world-of-work information, and knowledge of preferred occupation
Erikson, Marica, Vondracek – vocational readiness
Trait and factor theory and career decision making are useful

Late Adolescence and Adulthood
Trait and factor theories – Holland
Work adjustment can be used, but rarely is
Cognitive information processing and Krumboltz can be used

Adult Career Development
Can use most theories except early childhood

Combining Trait and Factor Theories
Can use different trait and factor theories at once

Combining Career Decision-Making Theories
Career decision making theories tend to describe the same process, so would NOT use more than one at a time

The Counselor’s Choice – It’s personal, there is no one way that is better than another


NONCOUNSELING APPLICATIONS OF THEORIES

Screening Methods
Tests or inventories that screen for clients who will benefit from counseling most
Examples: Career Development Inventory; Holland’s Self Directed Search

Paper-and-Pencil Methods
Holland’s Self-Directed Search used with The Occupations Finder and You and Your Career

Computerized Guidance Systems
Adjunct to counseling, interactive
DISCOVER and SIGI PLUS (values emphasized) - follow trait and factor method

Internet
Great variety of career information
Assessment inventories (Appendix B)
Career information (Appendix C)
_ Career counseling organizations
_ Education and internships
_ Job postings
_ Occupations
Ethical issues - Confidentiality and following professional standards


SPECIAL COUNSELING ISSUES

Group Career Counseling
Concepts and materials provided can usually be applied to most group settings
Primary use is to impart information, also to help with exploration and self-efficacy
Not found in individual counseling - motivation from peers, being able to help or be helped by those in similar positions as yourself
Groups can be designed for specific populations
trait and factor theory - select test and inventories - all trait and factor theories can be used
Developmental theory - group by age range - Issues related to Super’s stages
Career decision making - Krumboltz developed the DECIDES group approach.
Cognitive information processing has been applied to career classes

Career Counseling as a Related Issue
When career counseling is NOT the primary concern
Can use Myers-Briggs, work adjustment theory, Super, and Gottfredson for children

Changing Work Settings
The age and ability levels of the clients may determine the type of theory that the counselor chooses
In general, counselors may be less likely to change their theory of counseling when they move from one work setting to another, than to modify the career development theory that they use

Placement Counseling
Many authors have written job search books to help people find a job. Azrin has used a behavioral approach in the development of the “job club”
Holland - different types use different approaches
Myers-Briggs - approach depends on MBTI stage
Super - role salience and stage
Career decision making theory - reinforce job search rather than getting a job


USE OF ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS IN THEORIES

Trait and factor theory rely heavily on tests
Less for life-span theory, even less for spirituality theory


OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORIES

Associated with trait and factor theory
Examples - Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes, DOT, Guide for Occupational Exploration, Occupational Information Network (O*NET)


HOW THEORIES APPLY TO CAREER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF WOMEN

Life-span theory addresses issues for women at different developmental stages
Various trait and factor theories address specific issues related to gender
Gottfredson describes gender issues in the career development of children
Sexual harassment is addressed by crisis and other theories


HOW THEORIES APPLY TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY ISSUES IN COUNSELING

Life span theory has studied groups at different developmental stages
Vondracek discusses cultural context of situations
Social cognitive theory focuses on concerns about self-efficacy
Minority development model of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue


COUNSELOR ISSUES

Trait and Factor Theories
Awareness of differences in abilities, interests, values, and personality of client and counselor

Life-Span Theories
Attention to different roles and stages of the client and the counselor

Career Decision-Making Theories
Krumboltz - counseling skills should match needs of client
Spiritual approach - client and counselor’s subjective experience may differ greatly
Cognitive information processing theory - structure of counseling should not interfere with discussion of atypical issues.

Sociological and Economic Approaches
Focuses on inequalities that exist for women and culturally diverse populationsSociological and economic research provides a means for the counselor to assess her own biases

THE LABOR MARKET: SOCIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES

Models or theories have been developed that point out inequities or obstacles in the labor market that may affect the earnings or success of different individuals.

THE UNITED STATES LABOR MARKET

Labor market – serves to fulfill the needs of citizens of a state, a nation, and/or the world.
Job availability is related to the demand of individuals for food, shelter, clothing, etc.
Professional specialties are the group most likely to increase in demand for jobs.
Growth – the need for new workers to meet demands of an occupation beyond the needs that are met by replacing existing workers
Workers leave occupations for a variety of reasons.
Service occupations are projected to have the largest number of openings
A large number of jobs in US do not require a college education.
The amount of education is closely related to income¼, economic value of education.

SOCIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES

Emphasizes the study of social organizations (psychology (focuses on individuals, not organizations)
Sociology – study the development, organization, and operation of human society. Examine family, cultural, and other social factors that predict career choice as well as variables such as unemployment and pay distributions by industry. Studies the patterns of customs, interactions, and professional development of hundreds or illegal and legal occupations. Ability, interests, and values, and career decision making are studied to predict labor market or work behavior (also for economists)
Economics – study the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Investigate factors such as unemployment, pay distribution by industry, job title, gender, and race (which are related to a person’s career development)

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

Not a homogenous group, ages 15-24 often used
Girls only make 70-75% of what boys make, less disparity in 12th grade
Differences in motivation for work
Quality of employment is low
Part time work has positive and negative effects on future employment
Students may develop a sense of autonomy
Youth more likely to be underemployed than older workers

THE EFFECT OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT ON THE INDIVIDUAL

Having an unchallenging job may lead to a loss of intellectual skills
Substantive complexity – the degree to which the work requires thought and independent judgment
Substantive complexity increases intellectual functioning of employees



STATUS ATTAINMENT THEORY

The role of achievement and social status influences occupational selection
Focused on intergenerational change (vertical mobility) and predicting an individual’s occupation from the father’s job.
Found that they could predict the socioeconomic status level of one’s first job from father’s occupation and education
Family status includes father’s job, socioeconomic status, income, education.
Mother’s job is a factor of increasing importance
Culture affects status attainment

HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY

Individuals invest in their own education and training so that they will receive increased life-time earnings
Career earnings – function of ability, education and training, combined with the effort to produce effectively
Education and appropriate job experience lead to desired income
Individual is seen as a firm or company
Endorsement of trait and factor theory – emphasizes role of interests and abilities in selecting an occupation
Criticism – not just about money

THE STRUCTURE OF THE LABOR MARKET

Disadvantaged and underprivileged groups tend to enter different types of jobs from those who are more privileged
Classifies both firms and labor markets into two basic groups: primary (core) and secondary (peripheral) - basic view
A way of seeing a variety of discontinuous segments in the labor market
Hard to move from lowest sector to a higher sector

WOMEN AND DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Discrimination leads to lower pay, less advancement, and occupational segregation¼leads to working in jobs less prestigious than men
Four determinants of discrimination:
Taste discrimination – preference not to employ members of a certain group
Monopoly model of discrimination – when an organized group agrees to exclude another group from positions
Error discrimination – employers who do not have discriminatory taste but may underestimate the ability of women to perform the same task as men
Statistical discrimination – when an employer applies generalizations about a group of people to an individual
Women have similar unemployment rates as men but move in and out of the labor force more frequently than men.
Women are in jobs that tend to pay less and have less prestige than men’s jobs.
Gender segretation refers to the difference in distribution of men and women in various occupations; this is illustrated by Table 15.3, p. 397
Men are now entering more jobs in the service sector that have been previously held by women

CULTURALLY DIVERSE INDIVIDUALS AND DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Unemployment rate for African Americans and Latinos in 2003 was much greater than rates for Caucasians and Asians
Relatively few Hispanics and African Americans in high-skill jobs
African American men have higher unemployment rates because of fewer opportunities for less-educated workers.
When African Americans and Caucasian men have similar résumés, African American men at all educational levels experience discrimination
Some firms inconsistent in applying affirmative action rules
Evidence that African American men tend to work at the lowest sector of the labor market
Ogbu differentiates between involuntary and voluntary minorities who differ in attitude towards workOgbu finds that African Americans perceive a job ceiling

CAREER DECISION-MAKING APPROACHES

Two categories of decision making models

Descriptive Theories - describe or explain the choices that an individual makes when deciding on career choices; usually based on adolescent or adult decision making. Example: spiritual approach – life and career are related

Prescriptive Theories - focus on the ideal approach to decision making; originate with psychological decision making theory or observations of cognitive decision making processes
Example: Peterson et al.’s cognitive information processing approach



A SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVE IN DECISION MAKING

See work as a place where one’s spirit can be nourished and person can develop self
Spirit – an essential principle that gives life to physical being
May or may not include a religious point of view

Lifecareer Theory (Miller-Tiedeman)
Sees each person as his own theory maker
You are not looking for a career, you have one¼life is our career
By trusting inner wisdom that comes from your intellectual ability, previous experiences, and intuition into past experiences, you can experience your career
Lifecareer is the dynamic lived-in-the-moment process defined by each person in individual moments
The client decides what works and what doesn’t, not the counselor

Personal and Common Realities
Reality concerns the awareness of one’s career decision-making
Personal reality - an individual’s sense of what is right
Common reality - what others say the individual should do

Spirituality
When individuals experience the wholeness of living; spirituality develops
Seven themes that people can use to better understand their lives and the career decisions that are a part of their lives
Change - when change occurs by chance, it is called synchronocity; can be internal or external; many feelings and emotions
Balance - seek balance; it is natural to maintain balance between work, play, and other activities
Energy - needed in order to bring about change and balance in one’s life; many sources of energy (from others, from self, etc.)
Community - 3 types: (1) communities of companionship – immediate and extended family, close friends, (2) communities of culture – neighbors, classmates, coworkers, (3) cosmic community – those which concern large ideas, such as environment, poor, etc.
Calling - finding one’s ideal work
Harmony - finding the work that will bring about a true sense of appreciation and understanding
Unity - to believe in unity is to trust the universe

A Spiritual Approach to Career Counseling
May seem vague and unclear
Suggestions that can be used by counselors when using Lifecareer Theory
Let client know their career is their life
Client knows what’s working and what’s not; emphasize personal reality
Clients should learn from their experiences and to assess their experiences
Do not let tests and inventories interfere with students’ exploration of educational or occupational opportunities
Help clients set intentions without placing restrictions on them
Be enthusiastic
Help clients become more self-aware


A Holistic Approach to Life Planning - Hansen
Task 1: Finding Work that Needs Doing in a Changing Global Context
Task 2: Weaving our Lives into a Meaningful Whole
Task 3: Connecting Family and Work
Task 4: Valuing Pluralism in Individuality
Task 5: Managing Personal Transitions and Organizational Change
Task 6: Exploring Spirituality and Life Purpose



A COGNITIVE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH

A cognitive approach to choosing careers and making career decisions
Peterson et al. – tried to help individuals understand the way that they think and how that influences their career decision making

Assumptions of a Cognitive Information Processing Approach
Prescriptive point of view - prescribe or suggest ways that individuals can think about career decision making that will improve their ability to make good career decisions

Four assumptions:
1. Both affect and cognitive processing are important components of career decision making.
2. Individuals not only need to know about themselves and the world of work, but also information about thinking and how it affects decision making.
3. Information about self and the world of work is constantly changing.
4. By improving one’s information processing capabilities, clients can improve their career problem-solving abilities.

The Pyramid of Information Processing
Based on Sternberg’s approach to understanding human intelligence; Three basic components: knowledge domain (knowing oneself and knowing about world of work), decision-making skills domain (learn how to make decisions), and the executive processing domain (become aware of how their thoughts influence their decisions)

Self-Knowledge - to learn about themselves, people must both interpret events and reconstruct them; comes from information about previous school performance, previous work, etc.
Occupational Knowledge - people acquire information about the educational system and occupations throughout their lives

Decision-Making Skills - the capabilities that enable people to process information about themselves and occupations is referred to as generic information processing skills; these skills are Also known as CASVE:

Communication – when people get input from within themselves or from the environment, the communication process begins
Analysis – examining the self-knowledge and occupational knowledge domain
Synthesis – when information is analyzed, then people can pursue courses of action; synthesizing information through elaborating or crystallizing what they have analyzed
Valuing – the client evaluates or values possible actions or career directions
Execution – once choices have been evaluated or have undergone the valuing process, then a plan or strategy can be formulated to implement the choice

The Executive Processing Domain – top section of pyramid; refers to higher order functions
Three major ways of decision making
Self-Talk - internal messages that we give ourselves about career choice and other issues; can be positive or negative
Self-Awareness - individuals can be more effective problem solvers when they are aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it
Monitoring and Control - people can monitor the way in which they go through the CASVE process and control how much time they give to each of these stages or phases

Career Decision Making
Decided
Undecided
Being reluctant to acknowledge it

The Career Thoughts Inventory
Three scales:

Decision-Making Confusion - indicates the difficulty that individuals have in initiating or sustaining career decision making; relates to difficulties involved in CAS steps of CASVE
External Conflict - difficulty in balancing one’s own views of information about self and occupations with the views of others; relates to V in CASVE
Commitment Anxiety - fear or anxiety that comes with the difficulty in implementing a career choice and addressing problems in moving from the valuing stage to the execution stage

Career Thoughts Inventory Workbook – includes five sections


Seven-Step Service Delivery Sequence
Seven-step approach to cognitive information processing
Represents a structured model of career counseling that is more organized than most
1. Initial Interview – information is gathered about client’s career problem; rapport; CASVE explained
2. Preliminary Assessment – screening instrument (e.g. Career Thoughts Inventory) is given and readiness for counseling is assessed.
3. Define Problem and Analyze Causes – problem is clarified and defined so that goals can be developed
4. Formulate Goals – together form goals; Goals become basis for Individual Learning Plan (ILP)
5. Develop Individual Learning Plan – together develop an ILP that lists the activities that are to be completed by the client in order to achieve her goals
6. Execute Individual Learning Plan – with counselor’s help, clients follow through on the ILP which is integrated with the CASVE cycle
7. Summarize Review and Generalization – after client has completed ILP, together discuss progress towards reaching goals



THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION

Spiritual approach - Not only use libraries but use job experience and discussions with others
Cognitive Information Processing Theory - Occupational information is at the base of the pyramid of information processing
Analysis and synthesis refers to weighing occupational information


THE ROLE OF ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS

Spirituality approach - clients rely on their own view of assessment results; counselors use non-technical terms to describe limits of assessment
Cognitive Information Processing Theory - Find assessment to be helpful (self-knowledge domain)
Career Thoughts Inventory can be used as a measure of readiness for career decision making


APPLYING THE THEORIES TO WOMEN AND CULTURALLY DIVERSE POPULATIONS

Spiritual approach - awareness of wide cultural differences in spiritual view of clients
Attend to not letting societal norms pressure client
Cognitive Information Processing Theory - CASVE is a Western or scientific point of view
Attend to prejudice and stereotyping
Cultural group membership is an opportunity to networking and mentoring


COUNSELOR ISSUES

Spiritual approach - Focus on internal decision-making process
Be aware of different approach to decision-making fo counselor and client
Avoid “shoulds”, attend to client’s personal reality
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
Avoid too much structure
Consider seven step delivery model Decide whether or not to assess career readiness